The NPM package micromatch prior to version 4.0.8 is vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The vulnerability occurs in micromatch.braces() in index.js because the pattern .* will greedily match anything. By passing a malicious payload, the pattern matching will keep backtracking to the input while it doesn't find the closing bracket. As the input size increases, the consumption time will also increase until it causes the application to hang or slow down. There was a merged fix but further testing shows the issue persisted prior to https://github.com/micromatch/micromatch/pull/266. This issue should be mitigated by using a safe pattern that won't start backtracking the regular expression due to greedy matching.

The NPM package braces fails to limit the number of characters it can handle, which could lead to Memory Exhaustion. In lib/parse.js, if a malicious user sends "imbalanced braces" as input, the parsing will enter a loop, which will cause the program to start allocating heap memory without freeing it at any moment of the loop. Eventually, the JavaScript heap limit is reached, and the program will crash.

node-fetch forwards secure headers such as authorization, www-authenticate, cookie, & cookie2 when redirecting to a untrusted site.

This affects the package jsonpointer before 5.0.0. A type confusion vulnerability can lead to a bypass of a previous Prototype Pollution fix when the pointer components are arrays.

Overview

Versions <=8.5.1 of jsonwebtoken library could be misconfigured so that legacy, insecure key types are used for signature verification. For example, DSA keys could be used with the RS256 algorithm.

Am I affected?

You are affected if you are using an algorithm and a key type other than the combinations mentioned below

| Key type | algorithm | |----------|------------------------------------------| | ec | ES256, ES384, ES512 | | rsa | RS256, RS384, RS512, PS256, PS384, PS512 | | rsa-pss | PS256, PS384, PS512 |

And for Elliptic Curve algorithms:

| alg | Curve | |-------|------------| | ES256 | prime256v1 | | ES384 | secp384r1 | | ES512 | secp521r1 |

How do I fix it?

Update to version 9.0.0. This version validates for asymmetric key type and algorithm combinations. Please refer to the above mentioned algorithm / key type combinations for the valid secure configuration. After updating to version 9.0.0, If you still intend to continue with signing or verifying tokens using invalid key type/algorithm value combinations, you’ll need to set the allowInvalidAsymmetricKeyTypes option to true in the sign() and/or verify() functions.

Will the fix impact my users?

There will be no impact, if you update to version 9.0.0 and you already use a valid secure combination of key type and algorithm. Otherwise, use the allowInvalidAsymmetricKeyTypes option to true in the sign() and verify() functions to continue usage of invalid key type/algorithm combination in 9.0.0 for legacy compatibility.

Overview

Versions <=8.5.1 of jsonwebtoken library can be misconfigured so that passing a poorly implemented key retrieval function (referring to the secretOrPublicKey argument from the readme link) will result in incorrect verification of tokens. There is a possibility of using a different algorithm and key combination in verification than the one that was used to sign the tokens. Specifically, tokens signed with an asymmetric public key could be verified with a symmetric HS256 algorithm. This can lead to successful validation of forged tokens.

Am I affected?

You will be affected if your application is supporting usage of both symmetric key and asymmetric key in jwt.verify() implementation with the same key retrieval function.

How do I fix it?

Update to version 9.0.0.

Will the fix impact my users?

There is no impact for end users

Overview

In versions <=8.5.1 of jsonwebtoken library, lack of algorithm definition and a falsy secret or key in the jwt.verify() function can lead to signature validation bypass due to defaulting to the none algorithm for signature verification.

Am I affected?

You will be affected if all the following are true in the jwt.verify() function:

• a token with no signature is received
• no algorithms are specified
• a falsy (e.g. null, false, undefined) secret or key is passed

How do I fix it?

Update to version 9.0.0 which removes the default support for the none algorithm in the jwt.verify() method.

Will the fix impact my users?

There will be no impact, if you update to version 9.0.0 and you don’t need to allow for the none algorithm. If you need 'none' algorithm, you have to explicitly specify that in jwt.verify() options.

Versions of lodash prior to 4.17.19 are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution. The functions pick, set, setWith, update, updateWith, and zipObjectDeep allow a malicious user to modify the prototype of Object if the property identifiers are user-supplied. Being affected by this issue requires manipulating objects based on user-provided property values or arrays.

This vulnerability causes the addition or modification of an existing property that will exist on all objects and may lead to Denial of Service or Code Execution under specific circumstances.

Summary

The regular expression /<([^>]+)>; rel="deprecation"/ used to match the link header in HTTP responses is vulnerable to a ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) attack. This vulnerability arises due to the unbounded nature of the regex's matching behavior, which can lead to catastrophic backtracking when processing specially crafted input. An attacker could exploit this flaw by sending a malicious link header, resulting in excessive CPU usage and potentially causing the server to become unresponsive, impacting service availability.

Details

The vulnerability resides in the regular expression /<([^>]+)>; rel="deprecation"/, which is used to match the link header in HTTP responses. This regular expression captures content between angle brackets (<>) followed by ; rel="deprecation". However, the pattern is vulnerable to ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) attacks due to its susceptibility to catastrophic backtracking when processing malicious input. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted link header designed to trigger excessive backtracking. For example, the following headers:

fakeHeaders.set("link", "<".repeat(100000) + ">");
fakeHeaders.set("deprecation", "true");

The crafted link header consists of 100,000 consecutive < characters followed by a closing >. This input forces the regular expression engine to backtrack extensively in an attempt to match the pattern. As a result, the server can experience a significant increase in CPU usage, which may lead to denial of service, making the server unresponsive or even causing it to crash under load. The issue is present in the following code:

const matches = responseHeaders.link && responseHeaders.link.match(/<([^>]+)>; rel="deprecation"/);

In this scenario, the link header value triggers the regex to perform excessive backtracking, resulting in resource exhaustion and potentially causing the service to become unavailable.

PoC

The gist of PoC.js

1. run npm i @octokit/request
2. run 'node poc.js' result:
3. then the program will stuck forever with high CPU usage

import { request } from "@octokit/request";
const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
globalThis.fetch = async (url, options) => {
  const response = await originalFetch(url, options);
  const fakeHeaders = new Headers(response.headers);
  fakeHeaders.set("link", "<".repeat(100000) + ">");
  fakeHeaders.set("deprecation", "true");
  return new Response(response.body, {
    status: response.status,
    statusText: response.statusText,
    headers: fakeHeaders
  });
};
request("GET /repos/octocat/hello-world")
  .then(response => {
    // console.log("[+] Response received:", response);
  })
  .catch(error => {
    // console.error("[-] Error:", error);
  });
// globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;

Impact

This is a Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability caused by a ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) flaw. The vulnerability allows an attacker to craft a malicious link header that exploits the inefficient backtracking behavior of the regular expression used in the code. The primary impact is the potential for server resource exhaustion, specifically high CPU usage, which can cause the server to become unresponsive or even crash when processing the malicious request. This affects the availability of the service, leading to downtime or degraded performance. The vulnerability impacts any system that uses this specific regular expression to process link headers in HTTP responses. This can include:

• Web applications or APIs that rely on parsing headers for deprecation information.
• Users interacting with the affected service, as they may experience delays or outages if the server becomes overwhelmed.
• Service providers who may face disruption in operations or performance degradation due to this flaw. If left unpatched, the vulnerability can be exploited by any unauthenticated user who is able to send a specially crafted HTTP request with a malicious link header, making it a low-barrier attack that could be exploited by anyone.

Summary

A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability exists in the processing of HTTP request headers. By sending an authorization header containing an excessively long sequence of spaces followed by a newline and "@", an attacker can exploit inefficient regular expression processing, leading to excessive resource consumption. This can significantly degrade server performance or cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition, impacting availability.

Details

The issue occurs at line 52 of iterator.ts in the @octokit/request-error repository. The vulnerability is caused by the use of an inefficient regular expression in the handling of the authorization header within the request processing logic:

authorization: options.request.headers.authorization.replace(
  / .*$/, 
  " [REDACTED]"
)

The regular expression / .*$/ matches a space followed by any number of characters until the end of the line. This pattern is vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) when processing specially crafted input. Specifically, an attacker can send an authorization header containing a long sequence of spaces followed by a newline and "@", such as:

headers: {
  authorization: "" + " ".repeat(100000) + "\n@",
}

Due to the way JavaScript's regular expression engine backtracks while attempting to match the space followed by arbitrary characters, this input can cause excessive CPU usage, significantly slowing down or even freezing the server. This leads to a denial-of-service condition, impacting availability.

PoC

The gist of PoC.js

1. run npm i @octokit/request-error
2. run 'node poc.js' result:
3. then the program will stuck forever with high CPU usage

import { RequestError } from "@octokit/request-error";

const error = new RequestError("Oops", 500, {
  request: {
    method: "POST",
    url: "https://api.github.com/foo",
    body: {
      bar: "baz",
    },
    headers: {
      authorization: ""+" ".repeat(100000)+"\n@",
    },
  },
  response: {
    status: 500,
    url: "https://api.github.com/foo",
    headers: {
      "x-github-request-id": "1:2:3:4",
    },
    data: {
      foo: "bar",
    },
  },
});

Impact

Vulnerability Type & Impact:

This is a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability, which occurs due to an inefficient regular expression (/ .*$/) used to sanitize the authorization header. An attacker can craft a malicious input that triggers excessive backtracking in the regex engine, leading to high CPU consumption and potential denial-of-service (DoS).

Who is Impacted?

• Projects or services using this code to process HTTP headers are vulnerable.
• Applications that rely on user-supplied authorization headers are at risk, especially those processing a large volume of authentication requests.
• Multi-tenant or API-driven platforms could experience degraded performance or service outages if exploited at scale.

Summary

For the npm package @octokit/plugin-paginate-rest, when calling octokit.paginate.iterator(), a specially crafted octokit instance—particularly with a malicious link parameter in the headers section of the request—can trigger a ReDoS attack.

Details

The issue occurs at line 39 of iterator.ts in the @octokit/plugin-paginate-rest repository. The relevant code is as follows:

url = ((normalizedResponse.headers.link || "").match(
  /<([^>]+)>;\s*rel="next"/,
) || [])[1];

The regular expression /<([^>]+)>;\s*rel="next"/ may lead to a potential backtracking vulnerability, resulting in a ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) attack. This could cause high CPU utilization and even service slowdowns or freezes when processing specially crafted Link headers.

PoC

The gist of PoC.js

1. run npm i @octokit/plugin-paginate-rest
2. run 'node poc.js' result:
3. then the program will stuck forever with high CPU usage

import { Octokit } from "@octokit/core";
import { paginateRest } from "@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest";

const MyOctokit = Octokit.plugin(paginateRest);
const octokit = new MyOctokit({
  auth: "your-github-token",
});

// Intercept the request to inject a malicious 'link' header for ReDoS
octokit.hook.wrap("request", async (request, options) => {
  const maliciousLinkHeader = "" + "<".repeat(100000) + ">"; // attack string
  return {
    data: [],
    headers: {
      link: maliciousLinkHeader, // Inject malicious 'link' header
    },
  };
});

// Trigger the ReDoS attack by paginating through GitHub issues
(async () => {
  try {
    for await (const normalizedResponse of octokit.paginate.iterator(
      "GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", { owner: "DayShift", repo: "ReDos", per_page: 100 }
    )) {
      console.log({ normalizedResponse });
    }
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error encountered:", error);
  }
})();

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it?

This is a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability, which occurs due to excessive backtracking in the regex pattern:

/<([^>]+)>;\s*rel="next"/

When processing a specially crafted Link header, this regex can cause significant performance degradation, leading to high CPU utilization and potential service unresponsiveness.

Who is impacted?

• Users of @octokit/plugin-paginate-rest who call octokit.paginate.iterator() and process untrusted or manipulated Link headers.
• Applications relying on Octokit's pagination mechanism, particularly those handling large volumes of API requests.
• GitHub API consumers who integrate this package into their projects for paginated data retrieval.

An issue in parse-git-config v.3.0.0 allows an attacker to obtain sensitive information via the expandKeys function.

The package parse-link-header before 2.0.0 are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via the checkHeader function.